Alaska purchase and the price of empire (KOR)

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Alaska purchase and the price of empire (KOR)

 
Roh Jeong-tae
 
The author is a writer and senior fellow at the Institute for Social and Economic Research. 
 
 
 
On the night of March 29, 1867, in Washington, a late visitor arrived at the home of Secretary of State William H. Seward, who served in the cabinet of President Andrew Johnson, Abraham Lincoln’s successor following his assassination. The guest was Eduard de Stoeckl, the Russian minister to the United States. Seward, who had been playing cards with his family, welcomed him despite the hour. It was time to conclude long-running negotiations over the sale of Alaska, which had begun even before the Civil War.
 
U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward, seated, and Eduard de Stoeckl, the Russian minister to the United States, standing near a globe. [WIKIPEDIA]

U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward, seated, and Eduard de Stoeckl, the Russian minister to the United States, standing near a globe. [WIKIPEDIA]

 
By 4 a.m. the next day, March 30, the two sides reached an agreement. Under a treaty drafted in English and French, Alaska became U.S. territory for $7.2 million, roughly two cents per acre.
 
At the time, the deal was widely derided in the United States as “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox.” Public opinion was skeptical, and the vast, frozen land appeared to many as a costly mistake. It was not until after 1896, when gold and later oil and other natural resources were discovered in abundance, that ridicule gave way to celebration.
 
Securing congressional approval proved difficult. Stoeckl reportedly resorted to bribing members of Congress to ensure the treaty’s passage in both chambers.
 
For Russia, the sale was a matter of strategic necessity. The empire lacked the capacity to defend Alaska, particularly against the threat posed by British-controlled Canada. Losing the territory to Britain without compensation was the worst possible outcome. Selling it to the United States, which was not then a principal rival, offered a way to secure revenue while avoiding that risk.
 
Had Russia retained Alaska, the course of Cold War history might have unfolded differently. Such speculation, however, remains hypothetical.
 

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The mood at the time is captured in an April 9 edition of the New York Tribune, published on the day of the congressional vote. The paper wrote that maintaining a single naval soldier cost $1 million annually, and that killing one Native American on the Nebraska plains cost $115,000. By comparison, it suggested, each Native person in the newly acquired territory might effectively cost $300,000.
 
The Alaska Treaty was a product of the age of imperialism, when such chilling calculations could appear in print without controversy. In effect, the United States purchased from Russia what was understood as the right to conquer Alaska.
 
It is a moment from history that is difficult to imagine repeating today. That is why proposals such as President Donald Trump’s suggestion to annex Greenland are widely criticized as anachronistic.
 
 
 
알래스카 매입
노정태 작가·경제사회연구원 전문위원
 
1867년 3월 29일 밤 워싱턴 DC. 암살당한 에이브러햄 링컨의 뒤를 이어 대통령이 된 앤드루 존슨 내각에서 국무장관을 맡고 있던 윌리엄 수어드(의자에 앉은 인물)의 자택에 주미 러시아 공사 에두아르트 데 슈퇴클(지구본 앞에 서 있는 인물)이 찾아왔다. 남북전쟁 전부터 추진되던 알래스카 매각 협상의 막바지였다. 러시아와 미국의 대표는 다음날인 3월 30일 새벽 4시에 합의에 도달했다. 영어와 프랑스어로 작성된 계약에 따라, 알래스카는 에이커당 약 2센트, 총 720만 달러에 미국의 땅이 되었다.
 
“수어드의 냉장고”라고 조롱받기도 했던 그곳에서 금과 석유를 비롯한 막대한 천연자원이 발견되면서 불만은 환호성으로 바뀌었지만 그건 어디까지나 1896년 이후의 일. 조약 체결 당시 미국 여론은 냉랭했다. 연방의회 표결을 성사시키기 위해 슈퇴클은 상하원 의원에게 뇌물을 뿌려야 했을 지경이었다.
 
당시 러시아는 알래스카를 지킬 여력이 없었다. 영국령 캐나다의 손에 알래스카가 넘어가는 것이 최악의 시나리오였다. 그것을 피하기 위해서라면 차라리 당시로서는 러시아의 숙적이 아니었던 미국에 매각하여 돈을 버는 것이 나은 선택일 수 있었다. 러시아가 알래스카를 가지고 있었더라면 냉전의 역사가 다르게 흘러갔을지 모르지만 어디까지나 상상의 영역에 머물 수밖에 없다.
 
연방의회 표결 당일인 4월 9일자 뉴욕 트리뷴은 당시의 분위기를 생생하게 전해준다. “해군 병사 한 명을 유지하는데 연간 100만 달러가 든다. 네브래스카 평원의 인디언 한 명을 죽이는 데에는 11만5000달러가 들지만 수어드가 사온 땅의 인디언은 머리 하나에 30만 달러의 비용이 들 수 있다.”
 
알래스카 조약은 제국주의 시대의 산물이다. 이런 섬뜩한 계산이 신문 지면에 아무렇지 않게 실릴 수 있었다. 요컨대 미국은 러시아로부터 알래스카를 ‘정복할 권리’를 샀던 것이다. 이제는 재현되기 힘든 역사의 한 장면이다. 오늘날 그린란드를 병합하겠다던 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령이 시대착오적이라는 비판을 피할 수 없는 이유다. 


This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.
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