A view of the Banwol-Sihwa National Industrial Complex in Ansan, Gyeonggi. Developed in the 1980s to relocate and accommodate small- and medium-sized factories scattered across the Seoul metropolitan area, the complex was designed to decentralize population and industrial facilities. It is one of Korea’s major clusters of small and medium-sized enterprises.KOREA INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX CORP.
Lee Chul-min
The author is the managing partner of VIG Partners.
The aging of Korea’s small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) CEOs is increasingly clear in the data. According to the Ministry of SMEs and Startups, about 2.36 million SMEs were headed by CEOs aged 60 or older last year, and roughly 30 percent said they had no successor. In manufacturing alone, the share of CEOs aged 60 or older rose from 14.1 percent in 2012 to 44.8 percent in 2024.
To address this structural challenge, the government included a meaningful change in the tax reform plan announced this month. Founders who sell their companies to third parties will receive a 20 percent reduction in capital gains tax. The measure applies to founders aged 60 or older who have operated their businesses for at least 20 years and will be introduced temporarily for three years beginning in 2028.
Buyers will also benefit. For five years after an acquisition, they will receive a 10 percent reduction in income or corporate tax on income generated by the acquired company, capped at 500 million won ($361,400) annually.
While the existing family business inheritance deduction has focused on succession by children, the new system broadens the options from “family succession” to a “sale for business continuity.” Buyers, however, must meet eligibility requirements. They must be individuals or companies that have operated in the same industry for at least 10 years, or executives and employees who have worked at the target company for at least five years.
The disappointing part is that private equity funds, or PEFs, are excluded entirely from eligible buyers. PwC Korea analyzed about 1,000 mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions worth at least 25 billion won between 2021 and 2023 and found that PEFs accounted for 64 percent of SME acquisitions by number of deals. PEFs were also the preferred counterparties for about 48 percent of sellers. Their appeal stems partly from fast decision-making and greater certainty that transactions will close. Yet the policy excludes them from the tax incentive.
There is, of course, a reasonable argument that PEF buyers do not need tax benefits. The problem is that sellers also lose the benefit when selling to a PEF.
The policy fails to account for the difficulties competitors in the same industry may face in becoming buyers. Many have succession problems of their own and lack sufficient financial capacity. Employees, even if they agree to an acquisition without resistance, generally lack the capital needed to buy the company.
That is precisely why sellers often prefer PEFs, which have both the financial resources and execution capabilities to complete acquisitions. By excluding them, the policy overlooks how the market actually operates.
The issue is especially important because succession is not simply a question of ownership. When an aging founder cannot find a buyer, a company may face closure, the loss of accumulated expertise or disruption to employees and suppliers. A qualified acquirer can provide capital, professional management and a path for continued growth. In many SME transactions, PEFs perform that role. A tax regime intended to facilitate orderly succession should therefore distinguish between granting tax breaks to financial investors and denying relief to founders merely because a financial investor is the most viable buyer.
A temporary tax incentive will not, of course, fundamentally alter the direction of Korea’s SME M&A market. Even so, a mismatch between the direction encouraged by government policy and the way the market functions in practice could create considerable confusion for aging SME owners trying to resolve succession issues.
The government’s effort to expand succession options beyond transfers to family members is welcome. But if the ultimate objective is to preserve viable companies, jobs and productive assets after founders retire, policy should reflect the buyers that are realistically available in the market.
PEFs have become a major practical alternative for owners who lack family successors or credible strategic buyers. Failing to make greater use of that option in addressing the fundamental challenge of SME succession deserves reconsideration.
가업승계 세제개편, 아쉬운 사모펀드 배제
이철민 VIG파트너스 대표
중소기업 CEO들의 고령화는 이제 통계로도 뚜렷하다. 중소벤처기업부에 따르면 지난해 기준 60세 이상 CEO가 이끄는 중소기업은 약 236만 개인데, 이 중 후계자가 없다고 답한 곳이 약 30%다. 제조업만 보면, 60세 이상 CEO 비중은 2012년 14.1%에서 2024년 44.8%로 증가했다.
이런 구조적 위기에 대응해, 정부는 지난 8월 발표한 세제개편안에 의미 있는 변화를 담았다. 제3자에게 회사를 매각하는 경우에도 양도소득세를 20% 감면해주는 제도다. 60세 이상, 20년 이상 경영한 창업자가 회사를 매각할 때 적용되며, 2028년부터 3년간 한시적으로 시행된다. 혜택은 매수자에게도 돌아간다. 인수 이후 5년간 해당 기업에서 발생하는 소득에 대해 소득세 또는 법인세를 연간 5억원 한도로 10% 감면해준다.
기존 가업상속공제가 자녀 승계에만 초점을 맞췄다면, 이번 개편은 ‘가족 승계’에서 ‘기업 영속성을 위한 매각’으로 승계의 선택지를 넓혔다. 다만, 혜택을 받으려면 매수자도 일정 자격을 갖춰야 한다. 동일 업종에서 10년 이상 사업해온 개인·기업, 또는 대상 회사에서 5년 이상 근무한 임직원이어야 한다.
아쉬운 대목은 적격 매수인에서 사모펀드(PEF)가 아예 빠졌다는 점이다. PwC코리아가 2021년부터 2023년까지 250억원 이상 M&A 거래 약 1000건을 분석한 결과, 중소기업 M&A에서 사모펀드가 매수자인 비중은 건수 기준 64%에 달했다. 매도인이 가장 선호하는 거래 상대 역시 약 48%가 사모펀드였다. 신속한 의사결정과 높은 거래 확실성 등이 그 이유인데, 정책은 그런 사모펀드를 혜택 대상에서 배제한 것이다.
물론 매수자인 사모펀드에 굳이 세제 혜택을 줄 필요는 없다는 논리도 성립한다. 문제는 사모펀드에 매각하면 매도인도 혜택을 받지 못한다는 데 있다. 동종업계 경쟁사는 매수자로 나서기 어려울 수 있다는 것을 고려하지 않은 것이다. 비슷한 승계 문제를 안고 있어 여력이 없는 경우가 많고, 임직원은 반발 없이 인수에 동의한다 해도 자금이 충분하지 않은 경우가 대부분이다. 그래서 인수 여력과 실행력을 갖춘 사모펀드를 선호하는 것인데, 정책은 그 현실을 외면한 셈이다.
물론 한시적인 세제 혜택 때문에, 중소기업의 M&A 시장 전체의 흐름이 바뀌지는 않을 것이다. 그럼에도 정책이 유도하는 방향과 시장이 실제로 작동하는 방향이 어긋나는 것이라, 승계 문제를 해결해야 하는 중소기업 CEO들은 적잖은 혼란을 겪을 가능성이 높다. 중소기업 승계라는 본질적인 문제를 해결하는 데, 사모펀드라는 현실적 대안을 더 적극적으로 활용하지 못한 점은 분명 재고해볼 필요가 있다.
This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.