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Sweden takes two tracks, Korea remains polarized (KOR)

Sweden’s mix of industrial strength and AI entrepreneurship offers Korea a model for recycling talent, capital and innovation.

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A person walks past a banner with a Spotify logo at the Frankfurt book fair on October 17, 2024, on the second day of the world's biggest book fair in Frankfurt am Main, western Germany. Music streaming giant Spotify said on April 28 that its number of monthly active users reached 761 million at the end of the first quarter, with the number of paying subscribers reaching 293 million.


Shim Jae-hoon

The author is a foreign attorney at Hyemyung Law Firm and adjunct professor at KAIST's Moon Soul Graduate School of Future Strategy.


Sweden, a country of 10.6 million people, has emerged as one of the world’s leading producers of unicorns per capita, rivaling Silicon Valley. The small country has not only created large companies but also built an ecosystem in which successful companies help spawn new ones.

At the center are Spotify, which helped usher in the music-streaming era, and Legora, a legal-tech company at the forefront of generative and agentic AI. Around them, capital and talent accumulated by a first generation of tech companies are flowing into a second generation of deep-tech and AI startups. The world is paying attention to this virtuous cycle, often described as a “flywheel ecosystem.”

A flywheel ecosystem is a structure in which capital, talent and technology reinforce one another, accelerating growth. Sweden’s IT and AI industries are expanding from consumer platforms such as Spotify into high-value enterprise AI businesses such as Legora.

The way Sweden supplies talent is particularly noteworthy. Silicon Valley draws top talent from around the world, then turns out unicorns through grueling workweeks that can exceed 80 hours and generous stock options. Sweden follows a different model. Its foundation is an engineering talent pool centered on the KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Chalmers University of Technology, a cycle in which former Spotify employees launch startups and close cooperation between universities and technology companies.

Korea’s talent-development system, by contrast, has long been polarized along two axes: medical, dental, pharmaceutical and veterinary schools versus other fields, and universities in the Seoul area versus those outside it. As a result, science and engineering talent has fewer opportunities to move into the center of entrepreneurship and technological innovation. Korea needs to consider how to draw such talent back to that center, and Sweden may offer clues.

Another feature worth examining is Sweden’s distinctive “dual-track economy.” Traditional manufacturing and retail, represented by IKEA, Volvo and Ericsson, operate alongside emerging technology and AI industries represented by Spotify and Legora, with both contributing to economic growth.

Traditional manufacturing serves as a downside buffer for the economy, supporting large-scale employment, substantial cash flow, steady growth in tangible assets and robust global supply chains. Emerging tech and AI industries, meanwhile, provide the upside growth engine through high capital productivity, high-value intellectual property, access to global venture capital and the expansion of borderless, cloud-based enterprise software-as-a-service, or SaaS, and agentic platforms.

Korea also needs a dual-track economy that builds new engines of growth in technology and AI on top of its traditional manufacturing strengths in semiconductors, shipbuilding and rechargeable batteries. The choice should not be between manufacturing and AI. Korea should build AI on top of manufacturing.

That approach also has implications for how Korea thinks about industrial policy. Mature industries need not be treated as remnants of an old economy destined to give way to software companies. They can provide capital, production expertise, customers and global networks that emerging technology businesses can use. At the same time, startups can add software, automation and new intellectual property to industries that already possess world-class manufacturing capabilities.

The lesson from Sweden, then, is not the replacement of one industry by another. It is the recycling of success: allowing the capital, people and expertise created by established businesses to feed the next generation of companies while preserving the productive base that made those successes possible in the first place.

The Swedish model is also notable because growth does not depend on a single type of company. Established manufacturers and retailers continue to provide jobs, cash flow, assets and global supply chains, while newer technology companies pursue scalable services and intellectual property. That balance matters for Korea, where manufacturing already provides a foundation. Rather than treating AI as a substitute for factories, the country can use its industrial strengths as the base on which technology businesses grow.



스웨덴은 투 트랙, 한국은 양극화
심재훈 법무법인 혜명 외국 변호사·KAIST 겸직 교수

인구가 1060만 명인 스웨덴이 실리콘밸리에 버금가는 ‘인구당 유니콘 최다 배출국’으로 떠오르고 있다. 작은 나라가 큰 기업을 만드는 데 그치지 않고, 큰 기업이 다시 작은 기업을 만들어내는 생태계를 구축했다.

음악 스트리밍 시대를 연 스포티파이와 생성형·에이전틱 AI 시대를 주도하는 리걸테크 기업 레고라가 그 주역이다. 이 두 기업을 축으로 1세대가 축적한 자본과 인재가 2세대 딥테크 및 AI 스타트업으로 흘러들어가는 선순환 구조, 이른바 ‘플라이휠 생태계’를 세계가 주목하고 있다.

플라이휠 생태계란 자본과 인재, 기술이 서로를 밀어주며 성장의 속도를 높이는 선순환 구조다. 스웨덴의 IT·AI 산업은 스포티파이 같은 소비자 플랫폼에서 레고라 같은 고부가가치 엔터프라이즈 AI 기업으로 영역을 넓히고 있다. 

특히 눈여겨볼 대목은 인재 공급 방식이다. 미국 실리콘밸리가 세계 각지의 우수 인재를 끌어모아 주 80시간을 넘나드는 고강도 노동과 두둑한 스톡옵션으로 유니콘을 찍어내는 곳이라면, 스웨덴의 방식은 결이 다르다. 왕립공과대학교(KTH)와 샬머스 공과대학교를 중심으로 한 공학 인재풀, 스포티파이 출신 인재들의 창업 순환, 대학과 테크 기업의 긴밀한 산학 협력이 그 바탕이다.

한국의 인재 양성 체계는 ‘의대·치대·약대·수의대 대(對) 나머지 학과’, ‘서울권 대 비서울권’이라는 두 개의 축으로 양극화된 지 오래다. 그 결과 이공계 인재가 창업과 기술혁신의 중심으로 진입할 기회도 줄고 있다. 이들을 어떻게 다시 그 중심으로 불러들일지, 그 답의 실마리를 스웨덴에서 찾을 필요가 있다.

또 하나 눈여겨볼 것은 스웨덴 특유의 ‘투 트랙(dual track) 경제’다. 이케아·볼보·에릭슨으로 대표되는 전통 제조업과 리테일이 스포티파이·레고라로 대표되는 신흥 테크 및 AI 산업과 함께 경제 부흥을 이끄는 구조다. 전통 제조업은 대규모 고용, 막대한 현금흐름, 안정적 실물 자산 성장, 견고한 글로벌 공급망을 떠받치는 경제의 하방 안전판 역할을 한다. 반면 신흥 테크 및 AI 산업은 높은 자본 생산성과 고부가가치 지식재산(IP), 글로벌 벤처 자본 유치, 국경 없는 클라우드 기반 기업용 소프트웨어 서비스(SaaS)와 에이전틱 플랫폼 확장을 이끄는 상방 성장 동력이 된다.

우리나라도 반도체·조선·2차전지 등 전통 제조업을 기반으로 테크·AI를 새로운 성장 동력으로 키우는 투트랙 경제가 필요하다. 제조업과 AI 중 하나를 선택할 것이 아니라, 제조업 위에 AI를 세워야 한다. 스웨덴이 보여주는 것은 산업의 교체가 아니라 성공의 재활용이다.

This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.