Meanwhile

The assassination of Park Chung Hee on Oct. 26 (KOR)

A reassessment of Kim Jae-gyu’s killing of then-President Park Chung Hee and the rivalries, failures and legacy surrounding Oct. 26.

Published
Kim Jae-gyu, who assassinated then-President Park Chung Hee while serving as director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), appears at the first hearing of his trial over the Oct. 26, 1979, assassination.


Roh Jeong-tae

The author is a writer and senior fellow at the Institute for Social and Economic Research. 


At approximately 7:40 p.m. on Oct. 26, 1979, gunshots rang out at a Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) safe house at 55-3 Gungjeong-dong, Jongno District, Seoul. KCIA Director Kim Jae-gyu shot and killed President Park Chung Hee with a handgun.

Presidential Security Service chief Cha Ji-chul, responsible for protecting Park, was shot in his right arm and fled into a bathroom. Kim pursued and fatally shot him. KCIA agents under Kim's command also opened fire, killing four presidential bodyguards and critically wounding another. The incident became known as the Oct. 26 assassination.

Kim, the presidential assassin, appeared indecisive immediately afterward. Instead of returning to KCIA headquarters, which he controlled, he went to Army Headquarters, insisting that the military maintain security and declare emergency martial law following the president's death.

At approximately 10:30 p.m., Cabinet ministers gathered in an Army Headquarters bunker asked who had killed Park. Kim evaded their questions, angrily warning them against acting rashly.

Army Chief of Staff Jeong Seung-hwa and Defense Minister Roh Jae-hyun grew suspicious. After receiving information from presidential chief of staff Kim Gye-won, who had witnessed the incident at Gungjeong-dong, they arrested Kim Jae-gyu and took him into custody at a safe house at 12:40 a.m. on Oct. 27.

During his trial, Kim claimed his actions constituted a movement for democratization. This justification, offered after the fact, lacks credibility. Kim belonged to the highest ranks of the authoritarian Yushin regime and had never participated in the democracy movement.

It is true that Kim had a heated confrontation with Cha over proposals to forcibly suppress the Busan-Masan Democratic Protests that day, eventually drawing his handgun.

Yet the prevailing interpretation is that his actions cannot be explained without considering personal resentment over losing Park's favor.

Park's leadership strategy encouraged loyalty by fostering rivalry and mutual surveillance among senior officials. Combined with inadequate presidential security, that approach produced disastrous consequences.

Korea emerged from the extreme poverty following liberation from Japanese colonial rule to become one of the world's 10 largest economies. Without Park's leadership, that transformation might have taken considerably longer or perhaps never occurred.

Yet economic development came at the cost of postponing democratization and economic equality.

As disputes over modern Korean history intensify again, we should examine Kim's impulsive assassination and the historical developments that followed with greater objectivity and restraint.



10·26 사태

노정태 작가·경제사회연구원 전문위원

1979년 10월 26일 저녁 7시40분 무렵, 서울 종로구 궁정동 55-3번지, 중앙정보부 안전가옥에서 총성이 울렸다. 김재규(사진) 중앙정보부장이 박정희 전 대통령을 권총으로 저격해 살해한 것이다. 대통령을 지켜야 할 경호실장 차지철은 오른팔에 첫 총격을 받은 후 화장실로 도주했고, 뒤쫓아온 김재규의 총에 맞아 목숨을 잃었다. 김재규의 중정 부하들까지 가세해 총격전을 벌여 경호원 네 명이 사망하고 한 명이 중태에 빠졌다. 10·26사태가 벌어진 것이다.

대통령 시해범 김재규는 사건 직후부터 갈팡질팡했다. 본인이 통제권을 지닌 중앙정보부 대신 육군본부로 향해 “대통령이 서거하셨으니 군이 보안을 유지하고 비상계엄을 선포해야 한다”고 주장했다. 밤 10시30분께 육본 벙커로 소집된 국무위원들이 대통령 시해범의 정체를 묻자 김재규는 “경거망동하지 말라”며 동문서답을 하고 되레 화를 냈다. 이를 의아하게 여기던 정승화 육군참모총장과 노재현 국방부 장관은 궁정동 현장에 함께 있던 김계원 비서실장의 제보를 듣고 김재규를 체포해 안가로 연행했다. 27일 새벽 0시40분의 일이었다.

김재규는 재판 과정에서 본인의 행동을 민주화 운동이라고 주장했다. 설득력이 부족한 사후 명분이다. 김재규는 유신체제의 최상층에 있던 인물이었고 민주화 운동에 참여한 바도 없었다. 사건 당일 부마항쟁을 강제 진압하자는 차지철과 고성을 지르며 싸웠고 권총을 빼든 것은 사실이다. 하지만 박정희의 총애를 잃은 데서 온 개인적인 감정 문제를 제외하고 나면 그의 범행은 설명될 수 없다는 것이 일반적 견해다. 핵심 권력층 구성원들의 상호견제를 통해 충성심을 유도하는 박정희의 용인술이 허술한 대통령 경호와 맞물려 최악의 결과를 낳은 것이다.

대한민국은 해방 직후의 절대빈곤에서 탈출해 오늘날 세계 10위권의 경제 강국이 되었다. 박정희라는 길잡이가 없었다면 그 여정은 더 오래 걸렸거나 불가능했을 것이다. 이는 민주화와 경제적 평등을 유예한 결과이기도 했다. 현대사를 둘러싼 논란이 새삼 커진 지금, 김재규의 우발적 범행과 이후의 역사적 흐름을 보다 객관적이고 차분한 시선으로 바라볼 필요가 있다.

This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.