Editorials

New espionage law requires stronger counterintelligence capabilities (KOR)

The expanded law targets spying for any foreign country, but stronger counterintelligence coordination is crucial to enforce it.

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The headquarters of the National Intelligence Service, photographed in 2025. The stone monument in front of the building bearing the agency motto, “Intelligence is national strength,” was restored in July 2025.


A revised Criminal Act allowing punishment for espionage conducted on behalf of foreign countries took effect Sunday. When the amendment passed the National Assembly in late February, it drew less attention than the controversial provision creating the crime of distortion of law. Yet expanding the scope of espionage offenses is significant.

The previous law, introduced in 1953, punished the detection or collection of secrets on behalf of an “enemy state,” effectively limiting its application to North Korea. It had long been criticized for failing to reflect today’s security environment.

As a result, espionage charges could not be applied even when South Korean intelligence personnel were recruited by agents of countries other than North Korea and leaked military secrets. The same limitation applied when foreigners were caught repeatedly photographing military installations and warships in Korea or even attempting to intercept communications.

The revised Criminal Act provides for imprisonment of at least three years for anyone who, under instructions, instigation or communication from a foreign country or equivalent organization, detects, collects, divulges, delivers or brokers state secrets. It provides a legal basis for responding to changing security threats by correcting the previous law’s narrow focus on enemy states.

After overhauling an espionage framework that remained largely unchanged for more than 70 years, Korea must urgently strengthen the counterintelligence and investigative capabilities needed to enforce it.

Applying espionage charges involving foreign countries could create diplomatic friction, requiring sophisticated investigations and responses. Authorities should reinforce specialist personnel and establish robust systems for information sharing and cooperation among the National Intelligence Service, which conducts counterintelligence operations, the police and Serious Crimes Investigation Agency, which handle investigations, and the Prosecution Office, which is responsible for indictments.

Another challenge is protecting advanced industrial technologies in semiconductors, nuclear power and defense in an era of economic security. Some advocate explicitly bringing industrial espionage for foreign companies under the espionage law and increasing penalties. Others call for separate legislation specifically targeting industrial spies.

Korea must refine its legal framework to ensure there are no gaps in protecting not only military secrets but also critical technologies that determine national competitiveness. Expanding the law was necessary. Building the investigative expertise and institutional coordination to make it effective is now equally important.



‘외국 위한 간첩죄’ 시행…방첩·수사 역량 키워야

‘외국을 위한 간첩 행위’를 처벌하는 개정 형법이 어제(13일) 시행됐다. 지난 2월 말 형법 개정안이 국회를 통과할 당시에는 법왜곡죄 조항에 가려 주목을 덜 받았지만, 외국을 위한 간첩죄가 신설된 것은 상당한 의미가 있다. 1953년 도입된 기존 간첩죄가 ‘적국’, 즉 북한을 위한 기밀 탐지·수집 등을 처벌하도록 돼 있어 오늘날의 안보 현실을 제대로 반영하지 못한다는 지적을 받아왔기 때문이다.

그동안 국내 정보기관 관계자가 북한이 아닌 다른 나라 정보요원에게 포섭돼 군사기밀을 빼돌리거나, 외국인이 국내 군사시설과 전투기 등을 반복 촬영하고 심지어 감청까지 시도한 것이 적발돼도 간첩죄를 적용하지 못했다. 개정 형법은 외국 또는 이에 준하는 단체의 지령·사주나 그 밖의 의사 연락하에 국가기밀을 탐지·수집·누설·전달·중개한 경우 3년 이상의 유기징역에 처하도록 했다. 적국 중심이던 기존 간첩죄의 한계를 보완해 변화한 안보 환경에 대응할 법적 근거를 마련한 것이다.

70년 넘게 유지된 낡은 간첩죄 체계를 고친 만큼 새 법을 제대로 집행할 방첩·수사 능력을 갖추는 일도 시급하다. 외국을 위한 간첩죄 적용은 해당 국가와의 외교적 마찰로 번질 수도 있는 만큼 정교한 수사와 대응이 요구된다. 전문인력을 보강하고, 방첩 활동을 하는 국가정보원과 수사를 담당하는 경찰 및 중대범죄수사청, 기소를 맡는 공소청 간 정보 공유와 공조 체계도 촘촘히 갖춰야 한다.

경제안보 시대에 맞춰 반도체·원전·방산 등 첨단 산업기술을 어떻게 보호할 것인지도 남은 과제다. 외국 기업을 위한 산업스파이를 간첩죄 대상으로 명문화하고 형량을 높이자는 주장도 있고, 산업스파이를 처벌하는 특별법이 필요하다는 의견도 있다. 군사기밀뿐 아니라 국가 경쟁력을 좌우하는 핵심기술 유출에도 빈틈없이 대응할 수 있도록 관련 법체계를 정비해야 한다. 

This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.