Streaming platform Tving announced a compensation package, including discount coupons, for users affected by a recent personal information breach. The photo shows Tving's office in Mapo District, western Seoul, on Sept. 7.NEWS1
Lee Chul-min
The author is the managing partner of VIG Partners.
On Oct. 6, Paramount completed its acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), approximately seven months after announcing the agreement in February. The all-cash transaction, valued at $31 per share, put the enterprise value, including debt, at approximately $110 billion. Paramount had previously announced plans to combine the two companies' streaming platforms, HBO Max and Paramount+, into a single service.
In Korea, however, a comparable consolidation has remained stalled for nearly three years. Tving, whose largest shareholder is CJ ENM, and Wavve, controlled by SK Square, signed a memorandum of understanding on a merger in late 2023. In June of last year, the Fair Trade Commission conditionally approved a business combination involving overlapping executive positions at the two companies, subject to corrective measures. That decision, however, did not constitute approval of the merger itself. The companies reportedly have yet to sign a definitive merger agreement.
The delay has largely been attributed to difficulties reaching an agreement with KT Studio Genie, which holds a 13.54 percent stake in Tving. When Tving absorbed KT's streaming service Seezn in 2022, the parties signed a shareholders' agreement granting KT certain rights. Those rights apparently need to be addressed before the proposed merger can proceed. However, because the agreement's detailed provisions have never been publicly disclosed, it remains unclear precisely which rights are preventing progress or how the companies might resolve their differences.
In July, KT said it had received no formal request concerning the merger. During its earnings announcement in August, CJ ENM merely stated that it intended to consult KT during the second half of the year. Since then, there have been no public indications of meaningful progress in negotiations between the two sides.
Meanwhile, Korea's streaming market has undergone significant changes. According to Mobile Index, Netflix recorded approximately 16.21 million monthly active users in August, followed by Coupang Play with 10.07 million, Tving with 8.15 million and Wavve with 4.05 million. Coupang Play surpassed the 10 million mark for the first time, demonstrating its rapid expansion in an increasingly competitive market.
Combining Tving's and Wavve's figures produces approximately 12.2 million monthly active users, exceeding Coupang Play's total. However, that simple calculation does not account for subscribers who use both services. Once overlapping users are excluded, the combined platform's actual audience could be considerably smaller than the headline figure suggests.
Tving has also faced another major setback. A personal information breach disclosed in early June reportedly affected an estimated 19.53 million individuals, according to the company's own calculations after excluding duplicate records. The scale of the incident has raised serious questions about the company's data protection practices and its response to affected users.
During a National Assembly audit earlier this month, lawmakers questioned whether Tving's proposed compensation package, worth approximately 20,000 won per person, would provide meaningful relief. An investigation by the Personal Information Protection Commission remains underway, leaving further uncertainty surrounding the company's handling of the breach and its potential consequences.
Certainly, Paramount's acquisition of WBD and the proposed Tving-Wavve merger differ substantially in scale, structure and commercial circumstances. The U.S. transaction involves a major corporate acquisition, while the Korean deal concerns consolidation between two domestic streaming platforms with their own shareholder arrangements and contractual complications.
Nevertheless, the contrast is striking. In the United States, a transaction valued at roughly $110 billion was completed within seven months of its announcement. In Korea, nearly three years have passed since Tving and Wavve signed their preliminary agreement, yet they have not even concluded a definitive contract.
Whatever the underlying reasons for the delay, subscribers who have been waiting for the two services to merge can hardly be blamed for growing frustrated with the prolonged uncertainty.
멈춰 선 티빙·웨이브 합병
이철민 VIG파트너스 대표
지난 6일 파라마운트가 워너브라더스 디스커버리(WBD)를 인수하는 계약이 종결됐다. 지난 2월 계약을 발표한 지 약 7개월 만이다. 주당 31달러 전액 현금 조건에 부채를 포함한 기업가치는 1100억 달러(약 150조원)에 달한다. 파라마운트는 양사의 OTT인 HBO Max와 파라마운트+를 하나의 서비스로 합칠 계획이라고 밝혔다.
반면에 한국에서는 비슷한 상황이 3년 가까이 제자리걸음이다. CJ ENM이 최대주주인 티빙과 SK스퀘어가 최대주주인 웨이브는 2023년 말 합병 양해각서(MOU)를 체결했다. 공정위도 지난해 6월 두 회사의 임원 겸임에 따른 기업결합 건을 시정조치를 조건으로 승인했다. 다만, 이는 합병 자체를 승인한 것이 아니며, 합병 본계약은 아직 체결되지 않은 것으로 알려졌다.
제자리걸음의 배경으로는 티빙 지분 13.54%를 보유한 KT스튜디오지니와의 합의가 늦어지고 있다는 사실이 주로 거론되고 있다. 2022년 티빙이 KT의 OTT인 시즌을 흡수합병하는 과정에서 맺은 주주 간 계약에 따라, KT가 몇 가지 권리를 보유하고 있는데 이에 대한 해결이 필요한 것으로 보인다. 다만 계약의 구체적 내용이 공개된 바 없어, 어떤 권리가 실제로 걸림돌이 되고 있는지는 확인하기 어렵다.
이와 관련해 KT 측은 지난 7월 합병과 관련되어 공식적인 요청을 받은 것이 없다고 말했고, CJ ENM은 지난 8월 실적 발표에서 하반기에 KT 측과 상의하겠다는 입장만 밝혔다. 이후 양측 사이의 협의가 진전되고 있다는 소식은 아직 들려오지 않는다.
그 사이 시장에는 큰 변화들이 있었다. 모바일인덱스에 따르면 지난 8월 월간 활성 이용자 수(MAU)는 넷플릭스가 약 1621만 명, 쿠팡플레이가 약 1007만 명, 티빙이 약 815만 명, 웨이브가 약 405만 명이었다. 쿠팡플레이가 처음으로 1000만 명을 넘어서며 약진한 것이다. 티빙과 웨이브를 단순 합산하면 약 1220만 명으로 쿠팡플레이를 웃돌지만, 중복 이용자를 빼면 이보다 줄어들 수 있다.
여기에 티빙은 큰 악재까지 겹쳤다. 지난 6월 초 공지된 개인정보 유출 사고로 인해, 중복을 제외한 자체 추산 피해자가 무려 1953만 명에 달하는 것으로 알려진 것이다. 이달 초 국정감사에서는 1인당 약 2만원 상당 보상안의 실효성에 대한 지적이 나왔고, 개인정보보호위원회의 조사는 여전히 진행 중이다.
물론 파라마운트의 워너 인수와 티빙·웨이브의 합병은 규모도 성격도 다르다. 미국에서는 계약 발표 7개월 만에 거래가 끝났지만, 한국에서는 MOU 체결 이후 3년 가까이 본계약조차 맺지 못하고 있다. 그 이유가 무엇이든 합병을 기다려온 구독자들의 입장에서는 답답함을 느낄 수밖에 없는 상황이다.
This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.