Editorials

Don't weaken competition principles to boost small businesses' bargaining power (KOR)

Korea’s push to let small businesses bargain collectively against large firms aims to curb unfair pressure but raises concerns about higher prices and weaker competition.

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Members of the Riders' Union branch and the Cargo Truckers Solidarity Division under the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions' Public Transport Workers' Union chant slogans outside the Ministry of Employment and Labor in the government complex Sejong on April 28. They called for the introduction of a minimum per-delivery wage and legal recognition of dependent contractors and platform workers as employees entitled to labor protections.

The government plans to allow small business owners and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to engage in collective bargaining and collective action against large corporations and mid-sized firms. The Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) recently reported to the Cabinet a package of institutional reforms aimed at strengthening the bargaining power of economically weaker businesses.

If the proposal becomes law, restaurant owners using food delivery platforms could jointly demand lower commission fees, while subcontractors could collectively refuse deliveries in response to large companies' attempts to cut procurement prices. The KFTC also plans to exempt collective action by dependent contractors, such as delivery riders and truck owner-operators who are legally self-employed but work much like employees, from the Fair Trade Act. The move represents a clear break from the commission's previous practice of treating such organizations as business associations subject to antitrust sanctions.

The KFTC first announced in December of last year that it would review measures to guarantee collective action rights for economically disadvantaged businesses. In April, President Lee Jae Myung said during a meeting with the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions that small business owners should be allowed to bargain collectively and guaranteed at least a basic right to organize.

Within two months, the ruling party introduced amendments to the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises to grant collective bargaining rights to small business owners. The KFTC pledged to revise the Fair Trade Act to exempt them from antitrust provisions, while the Ministry of SMEs and Startups proposed amending the Small and Medium Enterprise Cooperatives Act to give SME cooperatives the right to request formal consultations.

Helping smaller businesses negotiate on more equal footing with dominant online platforms and large corporate customers is a legitimate policy goal. The growing influence of digital platforms and the imbalance of power in supply chains have made fairer bargaining conditions an increasingly important issue.

Even so, worthy intentions should not undermine the KFTC's fundamental mission of protecting competition. Although the commission says it could prohibit collective action if consumer interests are seriously harmed, there is no guarantee that stronger bargaining power will not eventually lead to higher supply prices and increased costs for consumers.

Nor should expanded collective bargaining rights trigger a flood of demands from organizations lacking genuine representativeness, creating another politically divisive dispute similar to the "Yellow Envelope" law. Protecting weaker market participants is an important policy objective, but it should not come at the expense of competition, consumer welfare or the principles of a market economy.



소상공인·중기 협상력 키운다고 소비자 피해 초래해선 안 돼

소상공인과 중소기업이 대기업이나 중견기업을 상대로 단체협상과 단체행동을 할 수 있는 길을 정부가 터주기로 했다. 공정거래위원회는 이런 내용의 ‘을의 협상력 강화를 위한 제도 개편 방안’을 엊그제 국무회의에서 보고했다. 앞으로 배달앱에 입점한 음식점주가 수수료 인하 등을 요구하며 단체행동을 할 수 있고, 하도급 업체가 대기업의 납품단가 인하 요구에 대응해 공동으로 납품을 거부할 수도 있게 된다. 이와 함께 택배기사나 화물차주처럼 개인사업자이면서 근로자이기도 한 특수 형태 근로종사자의 단체행동은 공정거래법 적용 대상에서 제외하기로 했다. 그동안 이들 노조를 사업자단체로 규정하고 단체행동을 담합 등으로 제재해 온 과거와 결별하겠다는 것이다.

공정위는 지난해 12월 대통령 업무보고에서 “경제적 약자의 단체행동권 보장을 위한 제도 개선을 검토하겠다”고 밝힌 바 있다. 이재명 대통령도 지난 4월 민주노총 간담회에서 “소상공인에게 집단교섭을 허용하고, 최소한의 단결권을 허용해야 한다”고 했다. 그 후 두 달 만에 여당은 소상공인에게 단체협상권을 보장하는 소상공인기본법 개정안을 발의했다. 공정위는 소상공인 등을 담합 처벌에서 제외하는 공정거래법 개정 방침을 밝혔고, 중소벤처기업부는 중기협동조합에 협의요청권을 부여하는 중소기업협동조합법 개정에 나섰다. 대통령의 의중을 읽은 정부·여당이 앞다퉈 약자 보호를 내건 법 개정에 나선 것인데, 현장의 갈등을 키우고 시장경제 질서를 훼손하는 부작용은 없을지 우려된다.

그동안 대기업-중소기업·소상공인 거래에서 불공정한 사례가 적지 않았는데도 시정되지 않은 채 방치됐던 게 사실이다. 이에 따라 소상공인이 온라인 플랫폼의 부당 요구에 공동의 목소리를 낼 수 있어야 한다거나 중소기업의 협상력을 높여야 한다는 지적이 제기돼 왔다. 그러나 이번 논의 과정에서 제품 가격 상승 같은 산업 생태계 교란과 온라인 플랫폼 이용 소비자 불편 등에 대해 충분한 검토가 이뤄졌는지는 의문이다. 소상공인 등에게 단체협상의 문을 열어주려다 대표성 없는 단체들의 단협 요구가 쏟아져 ‘제2의 노란봉투법’ 사태가 벌어질지 모른다는 시중의 우려가 현실이 되지 않아야 할 것이다.

This article was originally written in Korean and translated by a bilingual reporter with the help of generative AI tools. It was then edited by a native English-speaking editor. All AI-assisted translations are reviewed and refined by our newsroom.